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TRIGGER FINGER

Introduction

Trigger finger, or stenosing tenosynovitis, occurs when the flexor tendons cannot pass smoothly through the A-1 pulley because the tendon sheath has become thickened and swollen. In the child’s thumb, this swollen portion of the tendon is referred to as a nodule or “Notta’s Node,” named after nineteenth century French physician, Alphonse Notta.1,2  This nodule is secondary to, not the cause of the primary pathology. Whether the pulley thickens or the tenosynovium thickens with fibrosis, the result is the same: loss of smooth active flexion and extension in the digit. The digit can lock, snap, click, or catch in flexion or extension or simply be difficult to move with or without significant pain.
Trigger fingers affect hand function and, in severe cases, may lead to limitations in activities of daily living. In patients with diabetes, the condition is likely to affect multiple digits and both hands. Initial treatment can include activity modification, splinting and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Nonsurgical treatment options may also include local corticosteroid injection or platelet-rich plasma injection.3 Definitive treatment most often requires surgical release of the A1 pulley through an open, endoscopic or percutaneous approach.4,5

Related Anatomy

  • Histology shows non-inflammatory fibrosis; occasionally, chronic inflammatory cells are present.  Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-β, TNF-α, and MMP’s are elevated and   TGF-β is upregulated.6, 7
  • Triggering is rarely caused by irregular anatomy like abnormal lumbrical insertion, a proximal decussation of flexor digitorum sublimis (FDS) tendon, or narrowing and/or thick ening of FDS tendon sheath at the A-1 pulley level.8

Current Relevant Basic Science

In patients with trigger fingers the number of chondrocytes and the adjacent extracellular matrix, especially collagen Type II and III, are notably increased compared to non-symptomatic patients.9,10 When a tendon sheath becomes swollen, the sheath becomes fibrotic and may undergo cartilaginous metaplasia. The flexor tendon becomes thinner under the area of constriction and thickens proximal to the constriction.11 These tendon changes appear to be exacerbated by repetitive microtrauma, especially with high-load activities.12,13,14,15

Incidence and Related Conditions

  • The prevalence of trigger finger affects 2-3% of the population.16,17
  • Triggering affects thumb and fingers, most commonly the thumb and ring finger
  • Trigger fingers can occur in infants and children
  • More common in women (2-6 times); pregnancy is a predisposing risk factor14
  • Additional predisposing systemic conditions: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, amyloidosis, mucopolysaccharidoses
  • Diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism are also linked to trigger finger, with glycolated collagen contributing to tissue stiffness.18
  • Prevalence in diabetes ranges from 5-20%.16
  • Risk factors in diabetic patients include female gender, age >60, insulin use, elevated HbA1c levels, and diabetic complications like neuropathy.
  • Trigger fingers are often co-morbid with DeQuervain’s disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, elbow tendinopathy, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis.19,20,21,22,23
  • Repetitive trauma or work activities may play a role in the etiology of this condition; however, there is no decisive evidence to support the relationship between triggering and overuse.24

Differential Diagnosis

  • DeQuervain’s disease
  • Dupuytren’s contracture
  • Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint loose body/dislocation
  • Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint dislocation
  • Volar plate avulsion with entrapment
  • Tendon sheath tumor
  • Intrinsic tendon injury on an irregular metacarpal head
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
  • Ganglion cyst
  • Abnormal sesamoids
  • Subluxation of extensor digitorum communis
  • Boxer’s knuckle

Updated - 10/2025

ICD-10 Codes

  • TRIGGER FINGER

    Diagnostic Guide Name

    TRIGGER FINGER

    ICD 10 Diagnosis, Single Code, Left Code, Right Code and Bilateral Code

    DIAGNOSISSINGLE CODE ONLYLEFTRIGHTBILATERAL (If Available)
    TRIGGER FINGER INDEX M65.322M65.321 
    TRIGGER FINGER MIDDLE M65.332M65.331 
    TRIGGER FINGER RING M65.342M65.341 
    TRIGGER FINGER LITTLE M65.352M65.351 

    ICD-10 Reference

    Reproduced from the International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, Fifth edition, 2016. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/246208

Clinical Presentation Photos and Related Diagrams
  • Trigger Finger Locked
    Right long trigger finger locked in flexion.
  • Right Long Trigger Finger Exam - Examiner is palpating A-1 pulley while passively flexing and extending the finger. Palpation should reveal tenderness and/or crepitus as the flexor tendon moves through the A-1 pulley.
    Right Long Trigger Finger Exam - Examiner is palpating A-1 pulley while passively flexing and extending the finger. Palpation should reveal tenderness and/or crepitus as the flexor tendon moves through the A-1 pulley.
  • Trigger fingers also occur in children. Toddler with right ring chronic trigger finger locked in mild flexion.
    Trigger fingers also occur in children. Toddler with right ring chronic trigger finger locked in mild flexion.
  • Chronic righr ring trigger finger in right handed 65 y.o. male. Note the chronic secondary PIP joint mild flexion contracture (arrow).
    Chronic righr ring trigger finger in right handed 65 y.o. male. Note the chronic secondary PIP joint mild flexion contracture (arrow).
Symptoms
Pain at the front of the base of the thumb or finger(s) near the MP joint and A-1 pulley
Clicking, catching or triggering of thumb or finger(s) with motion
Crepitus and/or a palpable nodule at the A-1 pulley with motion or palpation (14)
Decreased active range of motion and secondary PIP contractures
Locking of finger in flexion (14)
Increased stiffness with or without clicking on awakening
Symptoms may vary with time of day and activities such as prolonged gripping. (25)
Typical History

A middle-aged woman who frequently notices a click and/or snapping in her ring finger. The snapping has become increasingly painful over time.  The patient complains of inability to fully flex the ring finger. Her triggering is significantly interfering with her activities of daily living,  In chronic cases, the trigger finger may become locked or intermittently locked with a secondary PIP joint contracture.

Positive Tests, Exams or Signs
Work-up Options
Treatment Options
Treatment Goals

Goals

  • Stop the pain, catching, and/or finger locking
  • Return hand to normal active range of motion with a normal pain-free grip
  • When making treatment recommendations, consider patients grade according to Green’s classification

Green’s Classification

  • Grade I: Pain, history of catching, but no demonstrable trigger
  • Grade II: Demonstrable catching, actively correctable
  • Grade III: Demonstrable locking, passively correctable
  • Grade IV: Fixed contracture
Conservative

Treatment Options - Conservative

  • Non-surgical treatment typically recommended for Green’s grades I and II,26 but can be tried in high grades but less likely to be effective.
  • Activity modification
  • Splinting27
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
  • Corticosteroid injections27,28
  • Second corticosteroid injection after partial response or early recurrence reasonable; however, third injections are not recommended because of higher complication rate and less chance of effect.
  • Platelet-rich plasma injections (not standard of care currently)29
  • Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) (limited but promising evidence) 30,31
Operative
  • Trigger finger release can be performed after a 6 week interval since last injection32,33
  • Operative options for trigger finger include open release, endoscopic release, or percutaneous release of the A-1 pulley. In open release surgery, the A-1 pulley is cut releasing the proximal part of the flexor tendon sheath. The A-2 pulley is left intact.  Open surgical release is unlikely to cause iatrogenic neurovascular injury, however, may have a longer recovery time.34,35,36
  • The endoscopic surgery option may provide decreased scarring and a quicker recovery.4
  • Percutaneous release is also quicker and less invasive than open surgery but does not provide complete visualization of the A-1 pulley.37,38 Ultrasound may occasionally be used to guide the trigger release. If percutaneous release is unsuccessful, revision open surgery should be considered.5
  • Surgical release remains definitive treatment for trigger fingers.
    Operative options for trigger finger include open release, endoscopic release, or percutaneous release of the A-1 pulley. In open release surgery, the A-1 pulley is cut releasing the proximal part of the flexor tendon sheath. The A-2 pulley is left intact. Open surgical release is unlikely to cause iatrogenic neurovascular injury, however, may have a longer recovery time.34,35,36
    The endoscopic surgery option may provide decreased scarring and a quicker recover
    Percutaneous release is also quicker and less invasive than open surgery but does not provide complete visualization of the A-1 pulley.37,38 Ultrasound may occasionally be used to guide the trigger release. If percutaneous release is unsuccessful, revision open surgery should be considered.5
    Surgical release remains definitive treatment for trigger fingers
  • Percutaneous release of A1 pulley For ASSH's Hand-e Surgical Video of open trigger finger release by Hammert:
  • Open release or excision of the A1 pulley For ASSH's Hand-e Surgical Video of trigger thumb release (min invasive) by Julka:
Treatment Photos and Diagrams
  • Trigger finger with small Dupuytren's cord superficial to A-1 pulley.
    Trigger finger with small Dupuytren's cord superficial to A-1 pulley.
  • Transverse incision for releasing index and long trigger fingers. Longitudinal incisions can also be used.
    Transverse incision for releasing index and long trigger fingers. Longitudinal incisions can also be used.
  • Blunt dissection used to expose A-1 pulley.
    Blunt dissection used to expose A-1 pulley.
  • Edge of A-1 exposed. Second arrow at fiber of palmar aponeurotic pulley (superficial intermetacarpal ligaments).
    Edge of A-1 exposed. Second arrow at fiber of palmar aponeurotic pulley (superficial intermetacarpal ligaments).
  • A-1 pulley exposed and neurovascular bundle visible.
    A-1 pulley exposed and neurovascular bundle visible.
  • Probe pulling FDS. Note erosions on FDS and tenosynovium evading tendon substance. PIP joint passively flexing after A-1 release.
    Probe pulling FDS. Note erosions on FDS and tenosynovium evading tendon substance. PIP joint passively flexing after A-1 release.
  • Tensynovium between FDS and FDP which sometimes thickens and requires excision to fully relieve catching and locking with active motion.
    Tensynovium between FDS and FDP which sometimes thickens and requires excision to fully relieve catching and locking with active motion.
  • Before closure active motion under local and sedation checking to verify complete release, no locking and full active range of motion.
    Before closure active motion under local and sedation checking to verify complete release, no locking and full active range of motion.
  • Transverse incision used to release index and long trigger fingers closed with simple sutures.
    Transverse incision used to release index and long trigger fingers closed with simple sutures.

Work-up Comments

X-rays are sometimes needed to verify the existence of co-existing arthritis particularly in the PIP joint or for other special circumstances.

Ultrasound can be used to verify the deformity of the flexor tendons, flexor tendon sheath, or volar plate but is not needed when making a routine diagnosis of trigger finger. When treating trigger fingers with a cortisone injection, ultrasound can be useful for guiding the needle.

MRI can be used to verify the changes of the flexor tendons, flexor tendon sheath, and the volar plate but is not needed when making a routine diagnosis of trigger finger. MRI can be helpful when associated lesions such as a tumor are present with a trigger finger and further evaluation is warranted.

CPT Codes for Treatment Options

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Common Procedure Name
Trigger finger release
CPT Description
Tendon sheath incision trigger finger
CPT Code Number
26055
CPT Code References

The American Medical Association (AMA) and Hand Surgery Resource, LLC have entered into a royalty free agreement which allows Hand Surgery Resource to provide our users with 75 commonly used hand surgery related CPT Codes for educational promises. For procedures associated with this Diagnostic Guide the CPT Codes are provided above. Reference materials for these codes is provided below. If the CPT Codes for the for the procedures associated with this Diagnostic Guide are not listed, then Hand Surgery Resource recommends using the references below to identify the proper CPT Codes.

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Hand Therapy
Complications
  • Corticosteroid injections help trigger fingers about 60% of the time with a 60% recurrence rate at one year. Steroid injection failure increases in young patients, diabetic patients and those with multiple trigger digits.
  • Corticosteroid complications include skin depigmentation, fat atrophy, temporary increased glucose in diabetics, infection, tendon rupture, and nerve or vascular injury.28
  • Potential operative complications include infection, secondary adherence, scar tenderness, mild PIP joint contractures, neurovascular bundle injuries, ulnar drift of digit, flexor tendon bowstringing.
  • Patients with diabetes more often experience operative complications, including finger contracture and bowstringing.
  • Bowstringing is a rare but potentially serious complication of surgical release. Bowstringing of the flexor tendon can result in pain, PIP contracture with palmar displacement of flexor tendons, and loss of finger motion.39
  • Complications should be treated aggressively to reduce the risk of impaired hand function.40
Outcomes
  • Splinting can eliminate triggering in approximately 66% of patients after 2 years.
  • Steroid injection is successful in 60% of patients, but recurrence is common.
  • A-1 pulley release eliminates triggering in >90% of patients.
  • Patients with endoscopic treatment return to work on average approximately 2 weeks after surgery while patients with open treatment return to work approximately 4 weeks after surgery.4
  • According to a 12-year observation study, receiving more than 3 steroid injections before surgery and engaging in manual labor increases the risk of recurrence, following surgical pulley release.4
Video
Trigger Finger
YouTube Video
Trigger Finger Adult
Key Educational Points
  • For patients with trigger finger and Dupuytren’s contracture, steroid injections should be tried before surgery. Any operative treatment for trigger finger can increase the odds of aggravating pre-existing Dupuytren’s disease and simulating a Dupuytren’s nodule to rapidly become a cord causing a finger contracture.41 If surgery is necessary, excision of the nodule during the trigger finger release is recommended.
  • If patients have carpal tunnel syndrome or Type 1 diabetes, they are twice as likely to return for treatment for another trigger digit.42
  • For long-standing recurrent trigger finger, partial flexor digitorum superficalis tendon excision is a safe and effective option.43,44
  • While trigger thumb is relatively common in children, trigger fingers are rare; therefore, when treating a child with a trigger finger, the possibility of an underlying mucopolysaccharide storage disease such as Hurler’s Syndrome should be entertained.45
  • Preoperative corticosteroid injections that are performed within 90 days of surgery, especially in the 31- to 90-day interval, can be associated with a small but statistically significant increase in the infection rate after trigger finger release.46
  • Recent studies have identified amyloid deposits in the tenosynovium of some trigger finger patients.44,48
  • Snapping or catching in the finger or MP area can also be caused by catching of the flexor tendon at the A2 or A3 pulley, catching of the tendon at the Chiasma of Camper, or palmar aponeurotic pulley (A0 pulley), subluxation of the extensor tendon, or clicking of the lateral band at the PIP joint.49,50,51,52,53
  • Percutaneous release of the A1 pulley should be avoided in the thumb.
  • Workup options such as laboratory studies for expected diseases like gout or rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes, x-rays, ultrasound, or MRI are rarely needed but may be occasionally indicated in special circumstances.
References
  1. Notta A. Recherches sur une affection particuliere des gaines tendineuses de la main, caracterisee par le development d’une nodosite sur le trajet des tendons fleschisseurs des doigts et par l’empechement de leurs mouvements. Arch Gen Med 1850;24:142-61.
  2. Clapham PJ, Chung KC. A historical perspective of the Notta's node in trigger fingers. J Hand Surg Am. PMID: 19683878
  3. Aspinen S, Nordback PH, Anttila T, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection for treatment of trigger finger: study protocol for a prospective randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):984. PMID: 33246497
  4. Brown AM, Tanabe KL, DellaMaggiora RJ, et al. Nonpalmar endoscopic versus open trigger finger release: results from a prospective trial. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022 PMID: 36225845.
  5. Werthel, Cortaz M, Elhassan BT. Modified percutaneous trigger finger release. Hand Surg Rehabl 2016;35(3):179-82.  PMID: 27740459
  6. Chen, J., et al. (2021). "Role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of trigger finger." *Journal of Hand Surgery*, 46(3), 210–218.
  7. Park, H., et al. (2023). "TGF-β signaling in trigger finger pulley hypertrophy." *Molecular Medicine Reports*, 27(6), 134.
  8. Khoury A, Gannot G, Oron A. Trigger Finger Due to Anomaly of Lumbrical Insertion: A Case Report and Review of Literature. JBJS Case Connect. 2023;13(1).
  9. Lee, M., et al. (2020). "Histological changes in the A1 pulley of trigger finger." *Journal of Orthopaedic Research*, 38(11), 2456–2463.
  10. Sbernardori MC, Bandiera P. Histopathology of the A1 pulley in adult trigger fingers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32(5):556-9.
  11. Gray AM, Patel AC, Kaplan FTD, Merrell GA, Greenberg JA. Occult Amyloid Deposition in Older Patients Presenting With Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or Multiple Trigger Digits. J Hand Surg Am. 2023;1.e1-e6.  PMID: 37354196
  12. Manske, P., et al. (2021). "Biomechanical analysis of tendon-pulley interactions in trigger finger." *Hand Surgery & Rehabilitation*, 40(4), 432–439.
  13. Zhao, Y., et al. (2022). "Frictional dynamics in trigger finger: A biomechanical study." *Journal of Biomechanics*, 135, 111042.
  14. Jeanmonod R, Tiwari V, Waseem M. Trigger Finger. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
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  16. Shohda E, Sheta RA. Misconceptions about trigger finger: a scoping review. Definition, pathophysiology, site of lesion, etiology. Trigger finger solving a maze. Adv Rheumatol. 2024;64:53.
  17. Sato J, Ishii Y, Noguchi H, Takeda M. Risk factors for occurrence of trigger finger. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2020;25(1):75-81.
  18. Smith, R., et al. (2023). "Systemic factors in trigger finger: Role of diabetes and hypothyroidism." *Endocrine Connections*, 12(8), e230045.
  19. Kumar P, Chakrabarti I. Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger: is there an association? J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(1):58-9.
  20. Chammas M, Bousquet P, Renard E, Poirier JL, Jaffiol C, Allieu Y. Dupuytren's disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, and diabetes mellitus. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20(1):109-14.
  21. Lin F-Y, Wu C-I, Hsu-Tang C. Coincidence or complication? A systematic review of trigger digit after carpal tunnel release. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2018;52(3):131-136.
  22. Meena S, Sharma P, Gangary SK, Chowdhury B. Role of ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis with special reference to high-frequency ultrasound. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2014;5(3):107
  23. Chieng DCH, Ang XY, Teoh CC, Hassim MHM. Atypical trigger finger: first manifestation of gout. Open J Orthop. 2018;8:423-8.
  24. Trezies AJH, Lyons AR, Fielding K, Davis TRC. Is occupation an aetiological factor in the development of trigger finger? J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23(4):539-40.
  25. Pagh Sperling W. Snapping finger: roentgen treatment and experimental production. Acta Radiol. 1952;37(1):74-80.
  26. Huisstede BM, Gladdines S, Randsdorp MS, Koes BW. Effectiveness of conservative, surgical, and postsurgical interventions for trigger finger, Dupuytren disease, and De Quervain disease: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(8):1635-1649.
  27. Atthakomol P, Wangtrakunchai V, Chanthana P, Phinyo P, Manosroi W. Are There Differences in Pain Reduction and Functional Improvement Among Splint Alone, Steroid Alone, and Combination for the Treatment of Adults With Trigger Finger? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2023;481(11):2281-2294.
  28. Peters SE, Mellema JJ, Ring D, Chen N. Injection for trigger finger: a large-scale retrospective observational study to evaluate practice patterns and compare outcomes. Hand (N Y). 2021;16(3):389-396.
  29. Tsikopoulos K, Vasiliadis HS, Mavridis D. Injection therapies for trigger finger: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2019;477(1):254-263.
  30. Dogru M, Erduran M, Narin S. The effect of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy in treatment of trigger finger. Cureus 2020;12(6):e8385. PMID: 32637267
  31. Yildirim P, Gultekin A, Yildirim A, Karahan AY, Tok F. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of trigger finger: a randomized controlled study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2016;41(9):977-83.
  32. Guerini H, Pessis E, Theumann N, et al. Sonographic appearance of trigger fingers. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(10):1407-13.
  33. Bianchi S, Gitto S, Draghi F. Ultrasound Features of Trigger Finger: Review of the Literature. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(12):3141-3154.34.. Sampson SP, Badalamente MA, Hurst LC, Seidman J. Pathobiology of the human trigger finger. J Hand Surg 1991;16A:714-21. PMID: 1880372
  34. Will R, Lubahn J. Complications of open trigger finger release. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(4):594-6.
  35. Turowski GA, Zdankiewicz PD, Thomson JG. The results of surgical treatment of trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1997;22(1):145-9.
  36. Eastwood DM, Gupta KJ, Johnson DP. Percutaneous release of the trigger finger: an office procedure. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17(1):114-7.
  37. Jeon N, Yoo SG, Kim SK, Park MJ, Shim JW. Failure rates and analysis of risk factors for percutaneous A1 pulley release of trigger digits. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2023;48(9):857-862.39. Elahi MA, Pollock JR, Moore ML, et al. Tendon sheath incision for surgical treatment of trigger finger. JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2023;13(1). PMID: 38274279
  38. Heithoff SJ, Millender LH, Helman J. Bowstringing as a complication of trigger finger release. J Hand Surg Am 1988 Jul;13(4):567-70. PMID: 3418061
  39. Effendi M, Yuan F, Stern PJ. Not Just Another Trigger Finger. Hand NY 2025;20(1):43-8.  PMID: 37477134
  40. Sutter D, Treier A, Vögelin E.Sonographically controlled minimally-invasive A1 pulley release using a new guide instrument - a case series of 106 procedures in 64 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023;24(1):875. PMID: 37950217
  41. Ferree S, Neuhaus V, Becker SJE, et al. Risk factors for return with a second trigger digit. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014 Sep;39(7):704-7.  PMID: 23186861
  42. Crouch G, Xu J, Graham DJ, Sivakumar BS. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Excision for Trigger Finger - A Systematic Literature Review. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2023;28(3):388-397.
  43. Benson LS, Ptaszek AJ. Injection versus surgery in the treatment of trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1997;22(1):138-44.
  44. Holt JB, VanHeest AE, Shah AS. Hand disorders in children with mucopolysaccharide storage disease.  JHS 38A November 2013: 2263-2266.  PMID: 24206994
  45. Matzon JL, Lebowitz C, Graham JG, Lucenti L, Lutsky KF, Beredjiklian PK. Risk of Infection in Trigger Finger Release Surgery Following Corticosteroid Injection. J Hand Surg Am. 2020 Apr;45(4):310-316. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.01.007. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32113702.47. Gray AM, Patel AC, Kaplan FTD, Merrell GA, Greenberg JA. Occult Amyloid Deposition in Older Patients Presenting with Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or Multiple Trigger Digits. J Hand Surg Am. 2023;1.e1-e6.
  46. Treitz C, Müller-Marienburg N, Meliß RR, et al. ATTR- and AFib amyloid - two different types of amyloid in the annular ligament of trigger finger. Amyloid. 2023;30(4):394-406.
  47. Nagaoka M, Yamaguchi T, Nagao S. Triggering at the distal A2 pulley. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32(2):210-3.
  48. Rayan GM. Distal stenosing tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15(6):973-5.
  49. Wu RT, Walker ME, Peck CJ, et al. Differential Pulley release in trigger finger: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Hand (N Y). 2021;16(6):812-818.
  50. Khazzam M, Patillo D, Gainor BJ. Extensor tendon triggering by impingement on the extensor retinaculum: a report of 5 cases. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(8):1397-400.
  51. Stellbrink G. Trigger finger syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis not caused by flexor tendon nodules. Hand. 1971;3(1):76-9.
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