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DEQUERVAIN'S DISEASE (TENOSYNOVITIS)

Introduction

Update September 2026  Nagle D & Hurst LC 

De Quervain’s disease was first described by Swiss surgeon Fritz de Quervain in 1895. Also known as “washer woman’s sprain.”  De Quervain’s disease is a stenosing tenovaginitis of the first dorsal extensor compartment of the wrist. Histologically, the disease is characterized by thickening of the sheaths surrounding the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons, causing painful entrapment of these tendons as they pass through the fibro-osseous tunnel located along the radial styloid at the distal radius.1,2 It manifests with pain and tenderness over the radial aspect of the wrist, exacerbated by thumb movement and wrist deviation. De Quervain’s disease is a common overuse condition and one of the most common diagnoses among patients presenting with wrist pain. It is particularly common in women, especially during late pregnancy or the postpartum period, as well as in individuals who perform repetitive hand and wrist movements.3 The thickening process is associated with repetitive wrist movements that require thumb radial abduction, simultaneous extension, and radial wrist deviation; increased frictional forces within the tendon sheath; thickening and myxoid degeneration of the extensor retinaculum; and thinning and degeneration of the affected tendons.4
 

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology more likely involves degenerative rather than inflammatory mechanisms, with current evidence suggesting the condition is primarily characterized by myxoid degeneration with fibrous tissue deposition and increased vascularity rather than acute inflammation of the synovial lining.5,6 Histopathological studies have demonstrated thickening of the tendon sheath up to five times the normal size due to fibrous tissue deposition of accumulated mucopolysaccharides. The synovial linings typically appear histologically normal, supporting a degenerative rather than inflammatory etiology.7

 

 

Related Anatomy

  • First dorsal compartment on the dorsal aspect of the wrist

  • APL and EPB tendon sheaths

  • EPB often in separate sheath inside the first extensor compartment 

  • The EPB inserts into the proximal phalanx of the thumb

  • APL usually has more than one tendon slip (2-7 tendon slips are common) 

  • The APL inserts into the base of the first metacarpal bone8

  • Tendon sub-compartments are present in 71.9% of patients with De Quervain’s Disease compared to 64.2% in controls9

  • Septation rates are reported at 67.5% in patients with De Quervain’s disease compared to 40% in the general population10

  • Accessory APL tendons are found in 56-99% of cadaveric studies

  • Supernumerary tendon sheaths are present in 76-94% of patients undergoing surgery for De Quervain’s disease9,11

Incidence and Related Conditions

  • Estimated prevalence of 1.3% in women and 0.5% in men in the general population12 

  • Peak prevalence occurs in individuals in their 40s and 50s12

  • Female predominance (86.1% of cases) with increased risk during pregnancy and postpartum period
  • Mean age of presentation around 40-50 years, younger than thumb carpometacarpal arthritis patients (mean 51 vs 63 years)
  • Higher prevalence in African American/Black individuals (15.7% vs 3.9%) and Asian populations (5.2% vs 0%)
  • Repetitive hand and wrist movements (typing, knitting, gardening, sports such as golf or tennis)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus
  • Previous wrist injury or distal radius fracture3,9,13

Differential Diagnosis

  • Osteoarthritis of a radiocarpal or intercarpal joint

  • Superficial radial nerve neuroma

  • Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint arthritis: More gradual onset, positive Grind test (forceful compression and rotation of thumb against CMC joint producing pain on volar side of wrist)
  • Intersection syndrome: Pain and crepitus located more proximally (4-6 cm proximal to Lister's tubercle) in the potential bursa between the ABPL, EPB, and wrist extensors ECRL and ECRB
  • Wartenberg's syndrome: Superficial radial nerve compression with sensory symptoms and nerve tenderness
  • Scaphoid fracture: History of trauma, tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
  • Radial styloid fracture: Acute traumatic onset
  • Cervical radiculopathy: Neck symptoms, dermatomal distribution
  • Trigger thumb: Locking or catching sensation, tenderness at A1 pulley14
ICD-10 Codes

  • DEQUERVAIN'S DISEASE (TENOSYNOVITIS)

    Diagnostic Guide Name

    DEQUERVAIN'S DISEASE (TENOSYNOVITIS)

    ICD 10 Diagnosis, Single Code, Left Code, Right Code and Bilateral Code

    DIAGNOSISSINGLE CODE ONLYLEFTRIGHTBILATERAL (If Available)
    DEQUERVAIN'S DISEASE (TENOSYNOVITIS)M65.4   

     

    ICD-10 Reference

    Reproduced from the International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, Fifth edition, 2016. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/246208

Clinical Presentation Photos and Related Diagrams
  • Palpating for first extensor compartment
    Palpating for first extensor compartment
  • Traditional Finkelstein's Sign - Thumb is placed in palm, fingers
    Traditional Finkelstein's Sign - Thumb is placed in palm, fingers
  • Alternative Finckelstein manuever - The wrist is in neutral position while the thumb MP joint is maximally flexed. This pulls the EPB through the first extensor compartment and reproduces the patient's pain.
    Alternative Finckelstein manuever - The wrist is in neutral position while the thumb MP joint is maximally flexed. This pulls the EPB through the first extensor compartment and reproduces the patient's pain.
Symptoms
Pain: Sharp or aching pain at the base of the thumb and radial aspect of the wrist, often described as burning or throbbing
Swelling: Visible swelling and thickening over the radial styloid
Functional limitations: Difficulty with grasping, pinching, or gripping activities
Activity-related pain: Exacerbation with thumb movement, particularly radial abduction and extension
Wrist deviation sensitivity: Pain with ulnar or radial deviation of the wrist such as when using a hammer
Crepitus: Occasionally present, particularly in chronic cases; may rarely notice clicking sensation
Radiation: Pain may radiate proximally into the forearm or distally into the thumb
Typical History

The typical patient is a new mother who presents with classic findings of De Quervain’s as outlined above. The first dorsal compartment tendons are stressed by the increased use of the mother’s hands in caring for her newborn child combined with changes in fluid balance associated with pregnancy and breastfeeding.3,4

Exams, Signs and Tests

The Wrist Hyperflexion and Abduction of the Thumb (WHAT) Test. The procedure includes the patient actively hyper- flexing the wrist while simultaneously abducting the thumb. A positive test is indicated by pain over the first dorsal compartment.

Eichoff’s Test. The patient actively performs ulnar deviation with the thumb tucked into the fist, without the examiner’s assistance.8,15

Exams, Signs and Tests Links
Work-up Links
Images (X-Ray, MRI, etc.)
DeQuervain's Tenosynovitis X-ray Images
  • The patient with DeQuervain's tenosynovitis will have tenderness (red dot) but the wrist X-ray will be normal.
    The patient with DeQuervain's tenosynovitis will have tenderness (red dot) but the wrist X-ray will be normal.
DeQuervain's Tenosynovitis Ultrasound Images
  • Longitudinal ultrasound image of first extensor compartment in patient with DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis: 1=skin; 2=extensor compartment thicken fascial sheath; 3=degenerated enlarged extensor tendons with intratendinous fluid; 4=distal radius
    Longitudinal ultrasound image of first extensor compartment in patient with DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis: 1=skin; 2=extensor compartment thicken fascial sheath; 3=degenerated enlarged extensor tendons with intratendinous fluid; 4=distal radius
DeQuervain's Tenosynovitis Ultrasound Images
  • Transverse ultrasound image of first extensor compartment in patient with DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis: 1=skin; 2= thicken first extensor compartment fascia; 3=fluid in first compartment; 4=extensor tendons- EPB&ABPL; 5=distal radius
    Transverse ultrasound image of first extensor compartment in patient with DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis: 1=skin; 2= thicken first extensor compartment fascia; 3=fluid in first compartment; 4=extensor tendons- EPB&ABPL; 5=distal radius
Treatment Options
Treatment Goals

The primary treatment goals for De Quervain's tenosynovitis include:

  • Pain relief: Reduction or elimination of pain at rest and with activities

  • Restoration of function: Return to normal hand and wrist use, including occupational and recreational activities

  • Prevention of recurrence: Modification of activities and ergonomic adjustments to reduce repetitive strain

  • Avoidance of chronic symptoms: Early intervention to prevent progression to chronic, refractory disease

  • Minimization of complications: Selection of appropriate treatments to minimize risks while maximizing benefits

Conservative
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
  • Wrist-thumb splinting
  • Corticosteroid injections
  • Activity modification and rest: avoidance of thumb and wrist movements, workplace ergonomic adjustments, modification of infant handling techniques for new mothers.16,17
  • Immobilization: Thumb spica splint or orthosis immobilizing thumb and wrist for 2-4 weeks (patient-desired splinting as opposed to strict full-time use may be equally effective).18 Immobilization alone shows lower success rates (36% at six months) compared to corticosteroid injection with immobilization (86% success).19 Immobilization best for minimal symptoms as it is insufficient as a sole treatment for moderate to severe cases.
  • Pharmacological management can include oral NSAIDS or acetaminophen for pain relief and/or ice application to reduce inflammation. NSAIDS combined with splinting showed success in 88% of patients with minimal symptoms.20
  • Challoumas et al (2023) found corticosteroid injection plus 3-4 weeks of thumb spica immobilization was associated with the greatest short-term pain reduction and functional improvement at <6 weeks and six weeks to six months.16 Chong et al. (2024) confirmed these findings.17
  • The conventional treatment approach is 1 mL of corticosteroid (typically triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/mL or methylprednisolone 40 mg/mL) mixed with 1 mL of local anesthetic (1% lidocaine). Ultrasound guidance is strongly supported and associated with greater pain reduction than conventional injection, particularly when septae are present.21,22 Outcome is significantly improved with use of thumb spica cast or orthosis for 3-4 weeks (86% vs. 36% without mobilization).19 This technique achieves significant pain reduction in the short-term (<6 weeks) with a single injection (76-83% success), is ranked as the top treatment option in the medium-term (6 weeks to 6 months), and has sustained improvement in most patients in the long-term (1 year) (5-34% may have recurrence). Ultrasound guidance shows 97% partial relief, 92% with ≥80% improvement at 6 weeks, and 14% recurrence at 6 months (all in patients with 2 sub compartments).22
Operative
  • ​Surgical intervention is indicated for patients who have failed conservative management, typically after two properly administered corticosteroid injections. Recent systematic reviews from 2022-2024 have clarified surgical outcomes and complications.23,24,25
  • Surgical intervention involves complete release of first extensor dorsal compartment to decompress the APL/EPB tendons while avoiding injury to the radial sensory nerve
  • Frequently, EPB has a secondary compartment within the first extensor compartment and requires an additional release

  • Indications for surgical intervention include: failed conservative treatment (typically 2 corticosteroid injections with at least 4-6 weeks immobilization); persistent symptoms for 6 months despite conservative treatment; recurrent symptoms after initial successful treatment; patient preference for definitive treatment; and anatomical variations identified on ultrasound (septation, multiple tendon slips) that predict injection failure

  • Open Surgical Release is the Gold Standard. Release of the first dorsal compartment extensor retinaculum is performed under local, regional, or general anesthesia. The incision is either transverse or longitudinal (no difference in outcomes between incision types).23,26 Key steps of the procedure include identifying and protecting the superficial radial nerve branches, releasing the extensor retinaculum over the first dorsal compartment, identifying and releasing any septae separating the EPB and APL, confirming complete release of all APL slips, and ensuring that tendons glide freely.  Some surgeons advocate preserving a dorsal slip of retinaculum to prevent volar subluxation.

  • Endoscopic Release is the minimally invasive alternative procedure. A systematic review in 2022 found no difference in pain reduction or complication rates between open and endoscopic techniques.24 Endoscopic release may have cosmetic advantages. The procedure requires specialized equipment and training.

  • Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Release is an emerging treatment technique. A study in 2025 showed excellent results with a novel anterograde ultrasound-guided release technique.27 Mean VAS improved from 7.4 to 1.1; QuickDASH improved from 55 to 9.4. The study showed occurrence of three minor complications and no major complications. Advantages include being minimally invasive, having superior anatomical visualization, and reduced postoperative morbidity. This technique requires further validation and training.

 

For ASSH's Hand-e Surgical Video of DeQuervain’s Release Chevron incision by Jain: ​

For ASSH's Hand-e Surgical Video of DeQuervain’s Release Transverse incision by Trumble: ​

 

​

Treatment Photos and Diagrams
  • Transverse incision in Langer's lines just distal to the tip of the radial styloid
    Transverse incision in Langer's lines just distal to the tip of the radial styloid
  • Transverse incision in Langer's lines just distal to the tip of the radial styloid incision made. Note dorsal radial sensory nerve in subcutaneous tissue superficial to first extensor fascia.
    Transverse incision in Langer's lines just distal to the tip of the radial styloid incision made. Note dorsal radial sensory nerve in subcutaneous tissue superficial to first extensor fascia.
  • First extensor compartment fascia exposed
    First extensor compartment fascia exposed
  • Fascia exposed. Nerve retracted. Longitudinal incision being made in dorsal ulnar third of first extensor fascia.
    Fascia exposed. Nerve retracted. Longitudinal incision being made in dorsal ulnar third of first extensor fascia.
  • First extensor fascia released. Note multiple tendons because AbPL has from 2-7 slips and EPB has one slip.
    First extensor fascia released. Note multiple tendons because AbPL has from 2-7 slips and EPB has one slip.
  • EPB frequently in separate compartment with first extensor compartment. EPB release verified by pulling on the tendon and observing thumb MP extension.
    EPB frequently in separate compartment with first extensor compartment. EPB release verified by pulling on the tendon and observing thumb MP extension.
  • Incision closed with subcuticular proline suture
    Incision closed with subcuticular proline suture
CPT Codes for Treatment Options

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Common Procedure Name
First dorsal compartment release (DeQuervain's release)
CPT Description
Tendon sheath incision at radial styloid for DeQuervain's disease
CPT Code Number
25000
CPT Code References

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Complications
  • Conservative: corticosteroid injections can cause depigmentation, fat necrosis and subcutaneous atrophy (most common, usually temporary), infection (rare <1%), superficial radial nerve injury (transient paresthesias possible), tendon rupture (exceedingly rare with proper technique), transient hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, post-injection flare (temporary increase in pain - 24-48 hours).
  • Operative: inadequate decompression; reflex sympathetic dystrophy; superficial radial sensory nerve injury (neurapraxia or neuroma-in-continuity);  volar subluxation of APL/EPB, wound infection, scar problems including adherence to the radial styloid, hypertrophic scarring, or scar tenderness which is infrequently encountered; recurrence (5% in long-term studies, usually due to incomplete release of septae or failure to identify all tendon slips23 ), persistent pain (5-34% may report residual pain, usually mild); complex regional pain syndrome (rare but serious); reoperation (<1%, typically for neuroma excision or revision release).25,28
Outcomes

Conservative

  • Splinting alone has shown a 70% failure rate, and shows no additional benefit over corticosteroid injection
  • Single corticosteroid injections alleviate symptoms in 76-86% in the short-term (<6 weeks),16,19 is the most effective conservative option in the medium-term (6 weeks to 6 months); provided sustained improvement in the majority of patients (14-30%, recurrence rate depending on anatomical variations);22,29 and ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection had superior outcomes (92% with ≥80% improvement, 14% recurrence at six months (all in patients with septations).22 Two injections are successful in ~80% of patients22
  • Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy ranked highest for short- and medium-term VAS pain reduction.17 Limited long-term data are available. Recommended is a secondary option.19

  • Immobilization alone showed a 36% success rate at 6 months (significantly lower than when combined with corticosteroid injection).19 Immobilization is sufficient for minimal symptoms (88% success with NSAIDS).20

    Surgical Treatment

  • Operative findings: ~90% of patients can be expected to have a satisfactory outcome
  • A 2022 meta-analysis of 21 studies (939 participants) found surgery achieved complete remission of pain at follow-up in 95% of participants and a mean VAS reduction of 5.7 points (0-10 scale). Complication rate was 11% and reoperation rate was <1%.23
  • A 2024 prospective cohort study of 707 participants (3-month follow-up) found mean VAS pain significantly decreased. Participants who received combined surgery (De Quervain’s release plus treatment of another hand condition) scored 14 points higher on the postoperative VAS pain scale, suggesting combined procedures may impact outcomes.30
  • A study of long-term surgical results (mean follow-up 9.5 years) found 88% patient satisfaction at mean 9.5 years follow-up, a cure rate of 91% (defined as absence of postoperative complications), and with long pre-surgery symptom duration (≥10 months) associated with higher satisfaction.25,28
  • Predictors of surgical success include longer duration of symptoms before surgery (≥10 months),25,28 complete identification and release of all septae and tendon slips, and absence of combined procedures.31
  • Ultrasound-Guided percutaneous release showed a mean VAS improvement of 7.4 to 1.1, a QuickDASH improvement of 55 to 9.4, and three minor complications with no major complications. This study requires validation with larger studies.27
  • Predictors of poor outcomes include a physical function score <40 or a pain interference score >60 on the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) associated with odds of proceeding to surgery,31 negative expectations and illness perception, and concurrent hand procedures (14-point higher VAS pain score).30
Video
Normal ultrasound of first extensor compartment. Radial cortex (R); Extensor tendons - extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus.
YouTube Video
DeQuervain's Tenosynovitis (Radial Styloid Tenosynovitis)
Key Educational Points
  • Palpation: Point tenderness directly over the first dorsal compartment, approximately 1-2 cm proximal to the radial styloid. Palpable thickening of the tendon sheath with crepitus may be present
  • A common septum is found between the APL and EPB in 80% of patients requiring surgical release. EPB release should be confirmed by gentle traction on the tendon, demonstrating MCP joint extension and a visible muscle belly.
  • Intersection syndrome is caused by inflammation at the intersection of the first and second dorsal extensor compartments.

  • De Quervain’s disease should not be confused with De Quervain’s thyroiditis.

  • A 2024 study identified that both intra-compartmental septum and increased number of tendon slips are significant prognostic indicators for treatment failure following corticosteroid injection. The presence of septation increased odds of recurrence by 18-fold, while each additional tendon slip increased recurrence odds by 24-fold.29
  • The Finkelstein sign remains the main physical exam maneuver for diagnosing De Quervain’s disease.
  • Other diagnostic tests include the Wrist Hyperflexion and Abduction of the Thumb (WHAT) Test. The procedure includes the patient actively hyper-flexing the wrist while simultaneously abducting the thumb. A positive test is indicated by pain over the first dorsal compartment.
  • Another diagnostic test is Eichoff’s Test. In this, the patient actively performs ulnar deviation with the thumb tucked into the fist, without the examiner’s assistance.8,15
  • Plain radiographs are typically normal in De Quervain’s disease. Typical views taken are PA, lateral, and oblique wrist views. If CMC arthritis is suspected, thumb PA and lateral are taken.
  • Ultrasonography is increasingly recognized as a valuable diagnostic and treatment planning tool.22,32 It is emerging as the preferred imaging modality when indicated. Evidence from 2023-2024 strongly supports pre-injection ultrasound assessment to identify anatomical variations such as septation before injection that predict treatment failure. Ultrasound-guided injection has shown superior outcomes compared to conventional injection techniques. Ultrasonography can identify septae or sub compartments, visualize the number of APL slips, and assess for anatomical variations.21,29,33
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is reserved for atypical presentations or when the diagnosis is uncertain.
  • Kitridis et al. (2024) identified the following anatomical prognostic indicators of corticosteroid injection failure:29 Intracompartmental septum showed 30% recurrence rate versus 11% without septum; 18-fold increased odds of recurrence; multiple tendon slips with a 24-fold increase in recurrence odds for each additional slip; and diabetes which may reduce efficacy.34
  • Schnellen and Ring (2009) found that De Quervain’s disease may be self-limited in some cases. The study found that 95% of patients who received only palliative treatment reported complete resolution, with 82% resolving within 12 months of onset.35
  • The most effective (Tier 1) treatments are corticosteroid injection + thumb spica immobilization (3-4 weeks) and surgical release (for failed conservative treatment). Alternative options (Tier 2) include extracorporeal shockwave therapy and ultrasound-guided percutaneous release (emerging). Treatment options supported by limited evidence (Tier 3) include platelet-rich plasma injection (mixed evidence) and high-intensity laser therapy with orthosis. Treatments not recommended include NSAID injection (associated with worse outcomes), acupuncture as primary treatment, and immobilization alone (for moderate-severe symptoms).16,17
References

1.         Ahuja NK, Chung KC. Fritz de Quervain, MD (1868-1940): stenosing tendovaginitis at the radial styloid process. J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29(6):1164-1170.

2.         de Quervain F. Über eine Form von chronischer Tendovaginitis. Correspondenz-Blatt für Schweizer Aerzte. 1895;25:389-394.

3.         Schned ES. DeQuervain tenosynovitis in pregnant and postpartum women. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68(3):411-414.

4.         Weiss AP, Akelman E, Tabatabai M. Treatment of de Quervain's disease. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19(4):595-598.

5.         Fakoya AO, Tarzian M, Sabater EL, Burgos DM, Maldonado Marty GI. De Quervain's Disease: A Discourse on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus 2023;15(4):e38079.

6.         Kay NR. De Quervain's disease. Changing pathology or changing perception? J Hand Surg Br. 2000;25:65-69.

7.         Clarke MT, Lyall HA, Grant JW, Matthewson MH. The histopathology of de Quervain's disease. J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23(6):732-734.

8.         Ilyas AM, Ast M, Schaffer AA, Nou J. De Quervain tenosynovitis of the wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(12):757-764. PMID: 18063716PMID: 18063716

9.         Liu C, Moye S, Blazar P, Earp BE, Zhang D. Anatomical Variations of the First Dorsal Compartment in de Quervain Tenosynovitis. Hand (N Y). 2024;19(7):1159-1165.

10.       Giles KW. Anatomical variations affecting the surgery of de Quervain's disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1960;42:352-355.

11.       Bonczar M, Walocha J, Pasternak A, et al. Anatomical variations in the first dorsal compartment of the wrist: meta-analysis. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2023;82(4):766-776.

12.       Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT, Reading I, Coggon D, Cooper C. Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(4):642-651.

13.       Carroll TJ, Caraet B, Madsen N, Wilbur D. Development of de Quervain Tenosynovitis After Distal Radius Fracture. Hand (N Y). 2024;19(7):1154-1158.

14.       Larsen CG, Fitzgerald MJ, Nellans KW, Lane LB. Management of de Quervain Tenosynovitis: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev. 2021;9(9):e21.00069.

15.       Eichhoff E. Zur Pathogenese der Tendovaginitis stenosans. Bruns Beitr Klin Chir. 1927;139:746-755.

16.       Challoumas D, Ramasubbu R, Rooney E, Seymour-Jackson E, Putti A, Millar NL. Management of de Quervain Tenosynovitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2337001.

17.       Chong HH, Pradhan A, Dhingra M, Liong W, Hau MYT, Shah R. Advancements in de Quervain Tenosynovitis Management: A Comprehensive Network Meta-Analysis. J Hand Surg Am. 2024;49(6):557-569.

18.       Menendez ME, Thornton E, Kent S, Kalajian T, Ring D. A prospective randomized clinical trial of prescription of full-time versus as-desired splint wear for de Quervain tendinopathy. Int Orthop. 2015;39(8):1563-1569.

19.       Mehdinasab SA, Alemohammad SA. Methylprednisolone acetate injection plus casting versus casting alone for the treatment of de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Arch Iran Med. 2010;13(4):270-274.

20.       Lane LB, Boretz RS, Stuchin SA. Treatment of de Quervain's disease: role of conservative management. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(3):258-260.

21.       Espiga Xavier J, Amorim T, Palma Reis J. Ultrasound-guided injection for treatment of De Quervain's disease: Description of technique and literature review. J Ultrason. 2022;22(91):e245-e250.

22.       McDermott JD, Ilyas AM, Nazarian LN, Leinberry CF, Park MJ. Ultrasound-guided injections for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(7):1925-1931.

23.       Bosman R, Duraku LS, van der Oest MJW, et al. Surgical Treatment Outcome of de Quervain's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022;10(5):e4305.

24.       Tsai CY, Tzeng YH, Chiu HY, Wang JH, Muo CH. Effectiveness of surgical interventions for treating de Quervain's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022;75(10):3857-3871.

25.       Harvey FJ, Harvey PM, Horsley, MW. De Quervain’s disease: surgical or nonsurgical treatment. J Hand Surg Am 1990;15;83-7. PMID: 2299173

26.       Suwannaphisit S, Panichnantho N, Fongsri W, Suwanno P. Transverse versus longitudinal skin incision in first extensor tendon release for radial styloid tenosynovitis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):507.

27.       Marès O, Ferreira J, Martinel V, Desmoineaux P, Daunois O. De Quervain's disease: Ultrasound-guided release. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2025;44(1):101843.

28.       Quinnell RC. Conservative management of trigger finger. Practitioner. 1980;224:187-190.

29.       Kitridis D, Perdikakis E, Potoupnis M, Pavlidis L, Karagergou E, Givissis P. De Quervain Tendinopathy: Anatomical Prognostic Indicators of Corticosteroid Injection Success. J Pers Med. 2024;14(9):928.

30.       Blackburn J, van der Oest MJW, Hundepool CA, Chen NC, Selles RW, Zuidam JM. Preoperative Indicators of the Effectiveness of Surgical Release in Patients with de Quervain Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;153(5):1075-1083.

31.       Smolyak G, Qiu B, Jones CMC, Ketonis C. Association of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Measures With Injection and Surgical Treatment Response in Patients With De Quervain Tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2023;48(11):1098-1104.

32.       Bing JH, Choi SJ, Jung SM, et al. Ultrasound-guided steroid injection for the treatment of de Quervain's disease: an anatomy-based approach. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(11):1483-1490.

33.       Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S, Hatta K, Ohta H, Kuwaba N. In de Quervain's with a separate EPB compartment, ultrasound-guided steroid injection is more effective than a clinical injection technique: a prospective open-label study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2012;37(6):523-527.

34.       Buddle VP, DeBernardis D, Lutsky KF, Beredjiklian PK, Matzon JL. Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Injections in Diabetic Patients With De Quervain Tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2022;47(10):979-987.

35.       Schnellen A, Ring D. Patient-centered care of de Quervain's disease. J Hand Microsurg. 2009;1(2):68-71.

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